Social Characteristics of Police Constables in the Last Quarter of 19th Century (Based on Materials from the Perm Province of 1889)

Introduction. The subject of this study is the social characteristics of the police constables of the Perm province in 1889. The purpose of the article is to trace the evolution of the personnel of the police constables in 1878–1889. Methods and materials. To achieve this goal, the method of prosopographic research was used (drawing up a collective portrait of a Perm police constable in 1889 based on a computer database). Analysis. During the study, it was found that representatives of tax-paying estates predominated among the police constables, the proportion of officials gradually decreased. Most future policemen graduated from military service as non-commissioned officers. 15% of them served as clerks in the army. The number of police constables who had only home education has significantly decreased. According to the data of the Shadrinsk district, the average age of the police constable was 33, much younger than in 1878. According to this list, the social composition of the police was quite variegated, with the dominance of representatives of the peasant class. For 10 years, the personnel of police constables had been almost completely renewed. The average length of service of the police constables was 3.6 years. Results. It was concluded that from 1878 to 1889 the education of the non-commissioned officers improved, and the retired and indefinite leave recruits were replaced by non-commissioned officers who had served on the draft. Thus, from 1878 to 1889, the motivation for service, the professionalism and stability of the cadre of police constables improved significantly

Police Reform of 1862 in the Urals

Introduction. The object of this study is the police reform of 1862. The subject is the course of its implementation in the Ural region. The purpose of the article is to analyze the transformations carried out in the general police of the Ural provinces in the 1860s. The geographical scope of the study is limited to Vyatka, Orenburg, and Perm provinces. Methods and materials. The modernization theory was chosen as an average level methodology. The methods of the research are historical-genetic, historical-comparative and historical-systemic. Besides, the discursive approach was chosen to understand the sources of the research better. Analysis. By the law of 1862, city police was united with county police under the authority of a single leader called county police officer. Only Vyatka, Orenburg, Perm, Ufa and Yekaterinburg retained independent city police. The police staff introduced by the law of 1862 was insufficient, primarily due to the liquidation of the police of the Ministry of Finance and the police of the Military Ministry in factory districts and mines. The real process of strengthening the Ural police lasted for years or even decades. The Mining Department tried to maintain some degree of control over the police in the region. Results. It was concluded that in the confrontation with the Mining Department for the full control over the police of the region, the provincial authorities managed to win an almost complete victory. At the same time the provincial authorities underestimated the need to professionalize the police, often giving preference to Cossack units

Sunflower husk processing technology for fodder production

The article considers the possibilities of environmental protection from agricultural waste - sunflower husks. A technology for processing this waste from the oil extraction industry into a feed product using ultrasonic treatment (cavitation) is proposed. The chemical changes of this product after processing, including nutritional value, were studied. The indicators of the use of this product under the conditions of incubation of an analogue of the rumen of ruminants were studied. Positive changes in the chemical composition of the processed product and its more active fermentation in the ruminal fluid of ruminants were revealed

Digitizing mass spectrometry data to explore the chemical diversity and distribution of marine cyanobacteria and algae.

Natural product screening programs have uncovered molecules from diverse natural sources with various biological activities and unique structures. However, much is yet underexplored and additional information is hidden in these exceptional collections. We applied untargeted mass spectrometry approaches to capture the chemical space and dispersal patterns of metabolites from an in-house library of marine cyanobacterial and algal collections. Remarkably, 86% of the metabolomics signals detected were not found in other available datasets of similar nature, supporting the hypothesis that marine cyanobacteria and algae possess distinctive metabolomes. The data were plotted onto a world map representing eight major sampling sites, and revealed potential geographic locations with high chemical diversity. We demonstrate the use of these inventories as a tool to explore the diversity and distribution of natural products. Finally, we utilized this tool to guide the isolation of a new cyclic lipopeptide, yuvalamide A, from a marine cyanobacterium

Imaging spontaneous currents in superconducting arrays of pi-junctions

Superconductors separated by a thin tunneling barrier exhibit the Josephson effect that allows charge transport at zero voltage, typically with no phase shift between the superconductors in the lowest energy state. Recently, Josephson junctions with ground state phase shifts of pi proposed by theory three decades ago have been demonstrated. In superconducting loops, pi-junctions cause spontaneous circulation of persistent currents in zero magnetic field, analogous to spin-1/2 systems. Here we image the spontaneous zero-field currents in superconducting networks of temperature-controlled pi-junctions with weakly ferromagnetic barriers using a scanning SQUID microscope. We find an onset of spontaneous supercurrents at the 0-pi transition temperature of the junctions Tpi = 3 K. We image the currents in non-uniformly frustrated arrays consisting of cells with even and odd numbers of pi-junctions. Such arrays are attractive model systems for studying the exotic phases of the 2D XY-model and achieving scalable adiabatic quantum computers.Comment: Pre-referee version. Accepted to Nature Physic

Iron-mediated aggregation and toxicity in a novel neuronal cell culture model with inducible alpha-synuclein expression

Parkinson's disease (PD) represents an increasing problem in society. The oligomerization of alpha-synuclein (alpha Syn) is a suggested key event in its pathogenesis, yet the pathological modes of action remain to be fully elucidated. To identify potential disease-modifying therapeutics and to study alpha Syn-mediated toxic mechanisms, we established cell lines with inducible overexpression of different alpha Syn constructs: alpha Syn, alpha Syn coupled to the fluorescence protein Venus (alpha Syn-Venus), and alpha Syn coupled to the N-terminal or C-terminal part of Venus (V1S and SV2, respectively) for a bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay (BiFC). Inducibility was achieved by applying modified GAL4-UAS or Cre-loxP systems and addition of tebufenozide or 4-OH-tamoxifen, respectively. Expression constructs were stably integrated into the host genome of H4 neuroglioma cells by lentiviral transduction. We here demonstrate a detailed investigation of the expression characteristics of inducible H4 cells showing low background expression and high inducibility. We observed increased protein load and aggregation of alpha Syn upon incubation with DMSO and FeCl3 along with an increase in cytotoxicity. In summary, we present a system for the creation of inducibly alpha Syn-overexpressing cell lines holding high potential for the screening for modulators of alpha Syn aggregation and alpha Syn-mediated toxicity

Establishing of local population, population dynamics and current abundance of Steller sea lion ( <i>Eumetopias jubatus</i>) in the Commander Islands

The time course of the establishment of a local population of Steller sea lions in the Commander Islands, population dynamics and current abundance were studied using literature published since the 1930s and the author’s observations conducted during breeding seasons 2008-2011. The local population of Steller sea lions started formation in the early 1960s, when mature females first began to populate the islands and the population was fully established in the early 1990s. The whole process of development the Commander Islands Steller sea lion sub-population took about three decades. Abundance of adult and juvenile sea lions fluctuated highly in 1991-2011 without any statistically significant trend, but numbers of pups had a pronounced negative slope mostly due to three sharp declines in pup production in 2000, 2009, and 2011. A total of about 700 animals of age 1+ inhabit the islands during the breeding season and about 200 pups are born annually at the present time. This total number of Steller sea lions is close to the mean value for the period after 1990s. Nevertheless, occasional sharp declines in pup production cause some anxiety, so far as they could lead to extinction of the Steller sea lion sub-population in this area as had occurred in the middle of the 19th century

Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 over TiO2 nanowires catalyst

TiO2 is one of the most common photocatalysts at the moment. One-dimensional TiO2, which has a high specific surface area, is of particular interest. The properties of such nanowires will largely depend on the phase composition, which affects the width of the optical band gap. This paper presents the results of a study of the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanowires depending on the phase composition using the reduction of CO2 to methane and methanol as an example. The formation of TiO2 nanowires was carried out using a hydrothermal synthesis method from a commercial TiO2 powder. After synthesis, the nanowires were thermally treated in air to obtain nanowires with different phase compositions. The morphology and phase composition of TiO2 nanowires were studied. The resulting nanowires had a size of about 8 μm and a diameter of about 330 nm